Food loss and waste is a major issue affecting food security, environmental pollution, producer profitability, consumer prices, and climate change. About 1.3 billion tons of food products are yearly lost globally, with China producing approximately 20 million tons of soybean dregs annually. Here, we review food and agricultural byproducts with emphasis on the strategies to convert this waste into valuable materials. Byproducts can be used for animal and plant nutrition, biogas production, food, extraction of oils and bioactive substances, and production of vinegar, wine, edible coatings and organic fertilizers. For instance, bioactive compounds represent approximately 8–20% of apple pomace, 5–17% of orange peel, 10–25% of grape seeds, 3–15% of pomegranate peel, and 2–13% of date palm seeds. Similarly, the pharmaceutical industry uses approximately 6.5% of the total output of gelatin derived from fish bones and animal skin. Animals fed with pomegranate peel and olive pomace improved the concentration of deoxyribonucleic acid and protein, the litter size, the milk yield, and nest characteristics. Biogas production amounts to 57.1% using soybean residue, 53.7% using papaya peel, and 49.1% using sugarcane bagasse.
采用"自上而下"的能源清单法,研究了长株潭城市群2017年人为热排放量及其时空分布特征;同时,利用中尺度天气预报模式(Weather Research and Forecasting,WRF)及其耦合的UCM对夏冬两季分别进行数值模拟试验,定量分析了不同类型建成区人为热排放增温效应的季节性差异.结果表明:(1)长株潭2017年人为热排放总量为3.49x1017J/a,平均人为热排放强度为14.22 W/m2,工业、建筑、交通和人体新城代谢对人为热的贡献率分别为48.15%、40%、11.3%和0.55%.(2)人为热的引入使得城市群主城区夏季和冬季的平均温度分别升高了约0.7℃和1.5℃;冬季增温效果是夏季的2倍.(3)不同密度分区人为热排放导致的增温效果不同,总的来说,工业/商业区>高密度住宅区>低密度住宅区. 相似文献